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ISCT Minimal Criteria for Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs)

Por Benn Bluestein-Veyra, M.Sc. en Química Orgánica · Actualizado el 20 de octubre de 2026

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Qué cubre esta páginaThe three ISCT criteria that define MSCs: plastic adherence, the CD73, CD90 and CD105 surface panel, and trilineage differentiation, with the 2019 update.
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The ISCT criteria for MSCs are three laboratory tests that define human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: adherence to plastic, a surface marker panel and differentiation to bone, fat and cartilage cells in vitro.[1] The International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) published these minimal criteria in 2006.[1]

This reference explains each criterion, the molecules behind the marker panel and how a flow cytometry report is read. It then follows the later ISCT statements and the studies that refined the definition, which matters to readers because MSC papers report their cells in very different ways.[2]

The 2005 and 2006 ISCT statements gave MSC research a shared definition

The field began with Friedenstein and colleagues, who in 1970 described fibroblast colonies growing in monolayer cultures of guinea pig bone marrow and spleen cells.[3] In 1999 Pittenger and colleagues expanded cells from human marrow that could be induced along adipocytic, chondrocytic or osteocytic lineages, and single expanded cells kept this multilineage potential.[4]

In 2005 the ISCT addressed the name. Horwitz and colleagues proposed that fibroblast-like plastic-adherent cells from any tissue be called multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, with "mesenchymal stem cells" reserved for cells that meet specified stem cell criteria.[5] The acronym MSC could serve both, provided authors state which they mean.[5]

A year later the Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee, writing with Dominici as first author, set out the minimal criteria. Laboratories were isolating, expanding and characterizing MSCs by different methods, and a shared standard would let investigators compare results and exchange data.[1]

The committee expected the criteria to require modification as new knowledge unfolded, and presented them as a minimal set.[1] Bianco and colleagues later described the ambiguities that remained about the nature, identity, function, isolation and experimental handling of MSCs, which keeps the criteria in use as a common floor for comparison.[7]

Plastic adherence under standard culture conditions is the first criterion

The first criterion asks that MSCs adhere to tissue culture plastic when kept in standard culture conditions.[1] Adherence is also how the cells are isolated: the ISCT nomenclature statement describes MSCs as the fibroblast-like, plastic-adherent cells recovered from bone marrow and other sources, which grow as spindle-shaped cells (Fig. 1).[5]

Friedenstein's fibroblast colonies are counted today in the colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) assay.[3] The joint IFATS and ISCT statement on adipose-derived cells recommends the CFU-F assay to estimate progenitor frequency and to calculate the population doubling capacity of expanded cells.[8]

Adherence selects a mixed population. Lv and colleagues note that plastic-adherent MSC cultures contain subpopulations with different levels of stemness, and that the search continues for one surface marker able to isolate cells meeting the minimal criteria from every tissue.[9]

Phase contrast micrographs of spindle-shaped stromal cells from dental pulp and bone marrow, above Alizarin red stained osteogenic cultures in deep red and Oil Red O stained adipogenic cultures with red lipid droplets
Fig. 1 | Cultured human stromal cells and two of the three ISCT lineages. A, plastic-adherent, spindle-shaped cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and bone marrow (BM-MSCs), phase contrast. C, after 21 days of induction, Alizarin red S stains osteogenic cultures and Oil Red O stains lipid droplets in adipogenic cultures. Scale bars as marked.Imagen: Kråkenes T, Wergeland S, Al-Sharabi N, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Fromreide S, Costea D-E, et al., PLOS ONE, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0Kråkenes T, Wergeland S, Al-Sharabi N, et al. PLoS One. 2023;18(11):e0293908. DOI article. Panels of Fig 2, cropped; CC BY 4.0.

Understanding the ISCT surface marker panel

The second criterion is a phenotype measured by flow cytometry. At least 95% of the population must express CD105, CD73 and CD90, and at most 2% may express CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11b, CD79α or CD19, and HLA-DR (Fig. 2).[1][6]

Two-panel diagram: CD73, CD90 and CD105 drawn on a stromal cell membrane as positive markers on at least 95% of cells, beside a list of five negative markers on at most 2% of cells: CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11b, CD79 alpha or CD19, and HLA-DR
Fig. 2 | The ISCT marker panel. Left, the three positive markers: CD73, a dimeric ecto-5'-nucleotidase; CD90, the Thy-1 glycoprotein; and CD105, the endoglin homodimer with its orphan region and zona pellucida (ZP) module. Right, the five negative markers and the blood and immune cells they identify.Imagen: ExaVeyra Sciences, figura originalAfter Dominici et al., Cytotherapy 2006; Knapp et al., Structure 2012; Saito et al., Cell Rep 2017.

The negative markers detect the blood and immune cells most likely to remain in a stromal culture. Dominici and colleagues allowed one antibody from each of two pairs, CD14 or CD11b and CD79α or CD19, and noted that MSCs can express HLA-DR when stimulated, for example by interferon gamma.[1]

MarkerGeneISCT requirementCells it usually marks
CD73NT5EAt least 95% positiveStromal cells; a lymphocyte differentiation marker
CD90THY1At least 95% positiveStromal, immune and neural cells
CD105ENGAt least 95% positiveStromal and vascular endothelial cells
CD45PTPRCAt most 2% positiveLeukocytes
CD34CD34At most 2% positiveHematopoietic progenitors, endothelial cells
CD14 or CD11bCD14, ITGAMAt most 2% positiveMonocytes and macrophages
CD79α or CD19CD79A, CD19At most 2% positiveB cells
HLA-DRHLA-DRAAt most 2% positiveAntigen-presenting cells

The positive markers are stromal surface proteins

  • CD73 is the ecto-5'-nucleotidase encoded by NT5E, a plasma membrane enzyme that converts extracellular nucleotides to membrane-permeable nucleosides.[10]
  • CD90 is Thy-1, encoded by THY1, a cell surface glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily that takes part in cell adhesion and cell communication.[11]
  • CD105 is endoglin, encoded by ENG, a homodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein that is a component of the transforming growth factor beta receptor complex.[12]

The negative markers identify blood and immune lineages

  • CD45, encoded by PTPRC, is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates T and B cell antigen receptor signaling.[13]
  • CD34 is a highly glycosylated single-pass membrane protein that may attach stem cells to the bone marrow matrix or to stromal cells.[14]
  • CD14 is preferentially expressed on monocytes and macrophages, and CD11b, encoded by ITGAM, is the alpha M chain of the leukocyte integrin Mac-1.[15][16]
  • CD79α is the Ig-alpha chain of the B cell antigen receptor, and CD19 expression is restricted to B lymphocytes.[17][18]
  • HLA-DR is a class II major histocompatibility molecule expressed on antigen-presenting cells such as B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and monocytes.[19]

Crystal structures show CD73 and CD105 as an enzyme and a co-receptor

Knapp and colleagues solved the crystal structure of dimeric human CD73, the enzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular AMP to adenosine and sets extracellular adenosine levels (Fig. 3a).[20] They found a 114 degree switch between open and closed forms, and the C-terminal domains formed the dimer interface.[20]

Complexes with adenosine and the AMP analog AMPCP showed that control of this domain movement determines the enzyme's selectivity for monophosphate nucleotides.[20] CD73 is therefore an active enzyme at the cell surface as well as a marker.[10]

Saito and colleagues determined crystal structures of the human endoglin ectodomain and its complex with bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9). The ligand binds a hydrophobic surface of the N-terminal orphan domain, which adopts a duplicated fold generated by circular permutation (Fig. 3b).[21]

The structure of the C-terminal zona pellucida module suggested how two endoglin copies embrace the BMP9 dimer, in a way compatible with ligand recognition by type I receptors.[21] Endoglin therefore sits in the bone morphogenetic protein branch of transforming growth factor beta signaling.[21]

CD90 also has a reported role within MSCs. Saalbach and Anderegg reviewed evidence that Thy-1 promotes osteogenic differentiation and inhibits adipogenic differentiation, which links a panel marker to the balance between two of the three ISCT lineages.[22]

Ribbon model of one human CD73 chain in teal, with the AMP analog AMPCP as amber sticks bound between its two domains and zinc and calcium ions as gray spheres
a, CD73 humana (ecto-5'-nucleotidasa, verde azulado) en la forma cerrada, con el análogo de AMP AMPCP (ámbar) en el sitio activo entre los dominios N-terminal y C-terminal, e iones de zinc y calcio (gris). Estructura cristalina por rayos X, 2,0 Å, PDB 4H2I. 42
Ribbon model of the human endoglin orphan region in teal, two beta-sheet-rich subdomains side by side, with one N-linked glycan shown as amber sticks
b, Región huérfana de la endoglina humana (CD105, verde azulado), la parte N-terminal del ectodominio que une BMP9, con un glicano unido a N (ámbar). Se omite la proteína de unión a maltosa fusionada para la cristalización. Estructura cristalina por rayos X, 2,42 Å, PDB 5I04. 43

Fig. 3 | Human CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase), closed form and Human endoglin (CD105) orphan region.

Flow cytometry reports show the panel as gated histograms

A flow cytometry report shows each marker as a histogram of cell count against fluorescence, with the stained sample overlaid on a control and a gate marking the positive region (Fig. 4). The percentage of cells inside the gate is the value laboratories compare with the ISCT thresholds.[1]

Six flow cytometry histograms for bone marrow stromal cells, each overlaying a stained sample in red on a control in blue, with gates showing CD34 0.039%, CD45 1.78%, HLA-DR 1.41%, CD73 99.6%, CD90 100.0% and CD105 99.7% positive
Fig. 4 | A flow cytometry phenotype report for human bone marrow MSCs. Each histogram plots cell count, normalized to mode, against fluorescence; the stained sample (red) is overlaid on a control (blue), and the bar marks the positive gate with the percentage of cells inside it. Values are shown with decimal commas, as published.Imagen: Kråkenes T, Wergeland S, Al-Sharabi N, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Fromreide S, Costea D-E, et al., PLOS ONE, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0Kråkenes T, Wergeland S, Al-Sharabi N, et al. PLoS One. 2023;18(11):e0293908. DOI article. Panels of Fig 2, cropped; CC BY 4.0.

In the bone marrow MSC example shown, CD73, CD90 and CD105 read 99.6%, 100.0% and 99.7% positive, and CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR read 0.039%, 1.78% and 1.41% (Fig. 4). Each value falls inside the ISCT limits of at least 95% for positive markers and at most 2% for negative ones.[1]

What a complete phenotype report states

  • The percentage of cells positive for each marker, set against the ISCT thresholds.[1]
  • Values for each cell lot. Wilson and colleagues found individual lot values in 11 of 84 clinical trial reports, and averages across lots in 45.[23]
  • Cell viability, which 57% of the trial reports in the same analysis included.[23]
  • The tissue source and the culture medium, because both shape the surface phenotype.[24][25]

Fitzgerald and colleagues screened bone marrow MSCs grown in five media against a panel of 243 surface markers. Every preparation strongly expressed CD73, CD90 and CD105, and one third of the tested markers varied with the medium.[25]

Trilineage differentiation in vitro is the third criterion

The third criterion asks that MSCs differentiate to osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondroblasts in vitro (Fig. 5).[1] Dominici and colleagues named the readouts: Alizarin red or von Kossa staining for osteoblasts, Oil Red O for adipocytes, and Alcian blue or collagen type II immunostaining for chondroblasts.[1] Later reviews list the same histochemical stains: Oil Red O for adipogenesis, Alizarin red S and von Kossa for osteogenesis, and Alcian blue for chondrogenesis.[26]

Diagram of a spindle-shaped stromal cell induced along three routes to osteoblasts with mineral deposits, adipocytes with lipid droplets and chondroblasts in a cartilage matrix, each labeled with its stain and lineage genes
Fig. 5 | The third ISCT criterion. Osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic induction in vitro, with the stains used to read each lineage (Alizarin red or von Kossa, Oil Red O, Alcian blue or collagen type II) and lineage genes often measured by PCR.Imagen: ExaVeyra Sciences, figura originalAfter Dominici et al., Cytotherapy 2006; Bosch et al., Stem Cells Dev 2012; Gregory et al., Anal Biochem 2004.

Each stain is paired with lineage genes

  • Alizarin red S stains the calcium-rich deposits that cells lay down in culture, and the dye can be extracted from the monolayer and measured at 405 nm.[27]
  • Osteogenic differentiation is confirmed by PCR for RUNX2, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin and osterix.[28]
  • Adipogenic differentiation is read with Oil Red O and PCR for PPAR-gamma, fatty acid-binding protein 4 and perilipin.[28]
  • Chondrogenic differentiation is read with Alcian blue periodic acid-Schiff and Safranin O staining, with PCR for SOX9.[28]

The IFATS and ISCT statement asks that differentiation assays be completed with a quantitative evaluation, either biochemical or by RT-PCR of lineage genes.[8] Yuan and colleagues found manual scoring of adipogenesis prone to error, and built an image-based algorithm that reports the percentage of differentiating cells.[29]

In stained cultures, osteogenic wells turn red with Alizarin red and adipogenic wells show red lipid droplets with Oil Red O (Fig. 1). Bourin and colleagues present the three differentiation assays as part of both cell identification and potency assessment.[8]

Later ISCT statements added immune assays, source naming and functional testing

In 2013 Krampera and colleagues, for the ISCT MSC Committee, put forward a working proposal for standardized immunological assays of MSCs, aimed at shared, reproducible and consistent data across laboratories.[30] The same year, the IFATS and ISCT joint statement defined adipose-derived cells both before and after culture.[8]

For the uncultured stromal vascular fraction, Bourin and colleagues defined the phenotype CD45-negative, CD235a-negative, CD31-negative and CD34-positive.[8] Cultured adipose stromal cells keep CD90, CD73, CD105 and CD44, and differ from bone marrow MSCs by expressing CD36 and lacking CD106.[8]

In 2016 Galipeau and colleagues reported an ISCT workshop consensus on immune functional assays. They proposed a matrix of quantitative RNA analysis, flow cytometry of functionally relevant surface markers and protein assays of the secretome, measured after in vitro licensing.[31]

The 2019 ISCT position statement, led by Viswanathan, kept the acronym MSCs and recommended three practices. Authors should name the tissue source, use "stem" only with in vitro and in vivo evidence of stemness, and support each preparation with functional assays chosen for its intended mode of action.[24]

A 2025 Delphi study led by Renesme gathered 87 international participants in its first round and reached consensus on nine items for an MSC definition. These covered terminology, five cell marker items, tissue origin, stemness and critical quality attributes, alongside 33 items for clinical study reports.[32]

Research has refined what the minimal criteria can distinguish

The panel is shared with fibroblasts. Haniffa and colleagues reviewed evidence that MSCs and fibroblasts share anti-proliferative effects and differentiation potential.[33] Denu and colleagues found that fibroblast strains from three tissues expressed the same surface markers as MSCs and also formed adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts.[34]

Halfon and colleagues found CD105, CD73, CD90 and other MSC markers on skin and lung fibroblasts. CD146 appeared only on MSCs, and CD106, integrin alpha 11 and insulin-like growth factor 2 were at least tenfold higher in MSCs. CD106 and CD146 declined by passage 6.[35]

CD146 also marks the stromal cells in their native position. Sacchetti and colleagues showed that CD146-expressing subendothelial cells in human marrow stroma could transfer the hematopoietic microenvironment to heterotopic sites.[36] Lv and colleagues list Stro-1, SSEA-4, CD271 and CD146 among candidate markers whose expression differs widely between MSC sources.[9]

Source and species shape the phenotype

Kern and colleagues compared MSCs from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and adipose tissue and found similar morphology and immunophenotype. Cord blood cells grew longest, adipose tissue gave the highest colony frequency, and adipogenic differentiation appeared in bone marrow and adipose cells only.[37]

Perinatal tissues show the same variety. Beeravolu and colleagues isolated adherent cells from cord lining, Wharton's jelly, the cord-placenta junction and fetal placenta that expressed CD73, CD90 and CD105 and differentiated along all three lineages.[38] Bosch and colleagues found that differentiation potential varied between cord blood and umbilical cord cell preparations, which is why each preparation is tested along all three lineages.[28]

Camilleri and colleagues validated nine additional markers on adipose-derived MSCs from 15 donors, including CD36, CD200, CD146 and CD271, as candidates for release testing.[39] In mouse MSCs, Anderson and colleagues described stable CD105-positive and CD105-negative subpopulations with different differentiation and immunoregulatory properties.[40]

Reporting practice is still catching up

Renesme and colleagues analyzed 318 MSC articles and found that 18% explicitly referred to the ISCT minimal criteria and 20% reported at least one functional assay.[2] In an FDA perspective, Mendicino and colleagues described growing variability in donor and tissue sources, manufacturing and characterization methods among MSC-based product proposals.[41]

Where to go from here

The mesenchymal stem versus stromal cells reference follows the naming question from 2005 to today, and the source tissues reference compares bone marrow, adipose and perinatal MSCs. The immunobiology reference covers HLA, IDO and PGE2, and the secretome reference describes what MSCs release into conditioned medium.

The perinatal tissue donor eligibility reference explains how birth tissues are screened under federal rules, and the surface receptor chemistry reference explains how markers like CD73 sit in the membrane. Verified practices can request lot documentation, and our team is glad to discuss the methods described on this page.

Referencias comentadas

Numeradas en el orden en que se citan en el texto. Cada fuente lleva una nota sobre lo que respalda en esta página; los artículos revisados por pares se listan con revista, volumen, número y páginas, y las fuentes primarias son regulaciones, documentos de agencias y bases de datos de referencia.

  1. 1.Peer-reviewedDominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy. 2006;8(4):315-317. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16923606/Annotation: ISCT committee position statement. Cited for the three minimal criteria, the 95% and 2% marker thresholds, the reasons for the negative markers, the HLA-DR note on stimulated cells and the named differentiation stains.
  2. 2.Peer-reviewedRenesme L, Pierro M, Cobey KD, et al. Definition and Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Preclinical and Clinical Studies: A Scoping Review. Stem Cells Translational Medicine. 2022;11(1):44-54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35641170/Annotation: Scoping review of 318 analyzed MSC articles. Cited for 18% explicitly referring to the ISCT criteria, 20% reporting a functional assay and inconsistent characterization reporting.
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  33. 33.Peer-reviewedHaniffa MA, Collin MP, Buckley CD, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells: the fibroblasts' new clothes? Haematologica. 2009;94(2):258-263. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19109217/Annotation: Review comparing MSCs and fibroblasts. Cited for shared anti-proliferative effects and differentiation potential.
  34. 34.Peer-reviewedDenu RA, Nemcek S, Bloom DD, et al. Fibroblasts and Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells Are Phenotypically Indistinguishable. Acta Haematologica. 2016;136(2):85-97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27188909/Annotation: Comparison of fibroblast strains and MSC strains. Cited for fibroblasts sharing MSC morphology, surface markers and trilineage differentiation.
  35. 35.Peer-reviewedHalfon S, Abramov N, Grinblat B, et al. Markers distinguishing mesenchymal stem cells from fibroblasts are downregulated with passaging. Stem Cells and Development. 2011;20(1):53-66. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20528146/Annotation: Flow cytometry and PCR comparison of marrow MSCs and fibroblasts. Cited for shared panel markers, CD146 on MSCs only, higher CD106, integrin alpha 11 and IGF2 in MSCs, and loss of CD106 and CD146 by passage 6.
  36. 36.Peer-reviewedSacchetti B, Funari A, Michienzi S, et al. Self-renewing osteoprogenitors in bone marrow sinusoids can organize a hematopoietic microenvironment. Cell. 2007;131(2):324-336. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17956733/Annotation: Transplantation study of human marrow stromal cells. Cited for CD146-expressing subendothelial stromal cells transferring the hematopoietic microenvironment to heterotopic sites.
  37. 37.Peer-reviewedKern S, Eichler H, Stoeve J, et al. Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or adipose tissue. Stem Cells. 2006;24(5):1294-1301. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16410387/Annotation: Side-by-side comparison of three MSC sources. Cited for similar morphology and immunophenotype, source differences in colony frequency and culture span, and adipogenic differentiation by source.
  38. 38.Peer-reviewedBeeravolu N, McKee C, Alamri A, et al. Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28447991/Annotation: Explant isolation of MSCs from four perinatal regions. Cited for plastic adherence, CD73, CD90 and CD105 expression and trilineage differentiation of cells from all four sources.
  39. 39.Peer-reviewedCamilleri ET, Gustafson MP, Dudakovic A, et al. Identification and validation of multiple cell surface markers of clinical-grade adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells as novel release criteria for good manufacturing practice-compliant production. Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2016;7(1):107. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27515308/Annotation: Surface marker transcriptome and flow validation in adipose-derived MSCs from 15 donors. Cited for nine non-classical candidate markers including CD36, CD200, CD146 and CD271.
  40. 40.Peer-reviewedAnderson P, Carrillo-Gálvez AB, García-Pérez A, et al. CD105 (endoglin)-negative murine mesenchymal stromal cells define a new multipotent subpopulation with distinct differentiation and immunoregulatory capacities. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e76979. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24124603/Annotation: Characterization of mouse MSC subpopulations. Cited for stable CD105-positive and CD105-negative subpopulations with different differentiation and immunoregulatory properties.
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Cite this page

ExaVeyra Sciences Editorial Team. ISCT Minimal Criteria for Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs). ExaVeyra Sciences; 20 October 2026. Available from: https://exaveyra.com/science/stem-cells/isct-msc-minimal-criteria. Accessed [date accessed].

Fuentes de las figuras

  1. 42.PDB 4H2I, Human ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), closed form with AMPCP. ExaVeyra Sciences, rendered in PyMOL from PDB 4H2I. Structure data: RCSB Protein Data Bank (rcsb.org), CC0. Publicación de la estructura: Knapp K, Zebisch M, Pippel J, et al. Crystal structure of the human ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73): insights into the regulation of purinergic signaling. Structure. 2012;20(12):2161-2173.
  2. 43.PDB 5I04, Orphan region of human endoglin/CD105. ExaVeyra Sciences, rendered in PyMOL from PDB 5I04. Structure data: RCSB Protein Data Bank (rcsb.org), CC0. Publicación de la estructura: Saito T, Bokhove M, Croci R, et al. Structural Basis of the Human Endoglin-BMP9 Interaction: Insights into BMP Signaling and HHT1. Cell Rep. 2017;19(9):1917-1928.
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Preguntas frecuentes

What are the ISCT minimal criteria for MSCs?
Published by the ISCT in 2006, they require three things: adherence to plastic in standard culture; at least 95% of cells positive for CD105, CD73 and CD90 and at most 2% positive for CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11b, CD79α or CD19 and HLA-DR; and differentiation to osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondroblasts in vitro.
Why are CD45, CD34 and HLA-DR on the negative list?
The negative markers detect blood and immune cells that could remain in a stromal culture. CD45 marks leukocytes, CD34 marks hematopoietic progenitors and endothelial cells, CD14 or CD11b mark monocytes and macrophages, CD79α or CD19 mark B cells, and HLA-DR is a class II molecule of antigen-presenting cells.
Which stains show trilineage differentiation?
Alizarin red or von Kossa staining shows the mineralized matrix of osteoblasts, Oil Red O shows the lipid droplets of adipocytes, and Alcian blue or collagen type II immunostaining shows chondroblast matrix. Laboratories often confirm each lineage with PCR for genes such as RUNX2, PPAR-gamma and SOX9.
What did the 2019 ISCT statement change?
It kept the acronym MSCs and recommended naming the tissue source, reserving "stem cells" for preparations with in vitro and in vivo evidence of stemness, and adding functional assays matched to the intended mode of action.
Can the marker panel tell MSCs from fibroblasts?
Published comparisons show that cultured fibroblasts can express CD73, CD90 and CD105 and can differentiate along the same three lineages. Additional markers such as CD146 and CD106, functional assays and tissue-source information help describe a preparation more fully.

Lecturas relacionadas

Mesenchymal stem vs stromal cellsMSC source tissuesMSC immunobiology: HLA, IDO and PGE2The MSC secretome and conditioned mediumPerinatal tissue donor eligibilitySurface receptor chemistryTodas las referencias de células madre y MSC

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